Louis Vuitton Case Analysis - 1626 Words

Louis Vuitton Case Analysis Key Issue Louis Vuitton is a flagship group of LVMH, which had double digit growth during 2010 and 2011. Michael Burke, the new CEO of LV group is uncertain about whether the group can grow sustainable. The main issue he current encounter is that how to push LV to grow steadily and protect LV’s values and heritage from being undermined. External Analysis PESTEL Analysis Political: The global luxury goods market can separate into America, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific, and rest of countries by region. Overall, the major luxury goods consumption countries have relatively stable political environment in recent years. However, in southern Europe, the†¦show more content†¦Environmental: The global personal luxury goods industry may have negative impact to environmental aspect if the manufactories have poor pollution control abilities. Some companies also destroy instead of discounting their excess product in order to keep the products’ value, which may cause additional waste and recycle pressure, but the case did not provided enough information for the environmental aspect. Legal: For some companies, acquisition is one of important method to grow companies’ size and profitability, but the acquisition is restricted by law. For example, French law requires that one company should report its purchase action to the other company if it holds more than 5% ownership. If the company uses other ways to circumvent the law, it may face lawsuit issues later on. Conclusion: Overall, the global luxury goods industry still has high potential to growth sustainably in the future. Since the market of this industry is worldwide, companies’ revenues will not largely affected by a single country or region. The important thing is to keep the balance of expansion between different countries. Companies should also be carful about increasing production effectiveness while retain the heritage value of the brands. Five-forces Model Degree of Rivalry: The degree of rivalry is moderate in the global personal luxury goods industry. The industry is very concentrated and occupied by few large players. These companies do not needShow MoreRelatedCase Analysis : Louis Vuitton895 Words   |  4 PagesJared Hess International Marketing Case Analysis Louis Vuitton in India Summary In 1999, the French leading luxury brand, Louis Vuitton, decided to enter the Indian market. Maharajahs, is a Sanskrit title given to those in India who have the title of â€Å"great king†, â€Å"high king† or â€Å"great ruler†. The Maharajahs have been very familiar with Louis Vuitton since the late 19th century. This relationship between the Maharajahs and the Louis Vuitton brand allowed the decision of entering the Indian marketRead MoreLouis Vuitton Case Analysis1621 Words   |  7 PagesManagement Louis Vuitton Case Analysis Key Issue Louis Vuitton is a flagship group of LVMH, which had double digit growth during 2010 and 2011. Michael Burke, the new CEO of LV group is uncertain about whether the group can grow sustainable. The main issue he current encounter is that how to push LV to grow steadily and protect LV’s values and heritage from being undermined. External Analysis PESTEL Analysis Political: The global luxuryRead MoreAnalysis on Louis Vuitton Case Study2237 Words   |  9 Pages1. What has made Louis Vuitton’s business model successful in the Japanese luxury market? As the business model addresses â€Å"how the company makes money in this business†, Louis Vuitton’s business model in Japan can be simply explained as selling products through directly owned and controlled stores. A good business model can guarantee the success of business. LV’s business model in Japan successfully drove it to the world’s largest market by strictly following the principles and benefiting fromRead MoreExternal Global Environment of Louis Vuitton in Japan Case Study Analysis1280 Words   |  6 Pages Unit 4 External Global Environment of Louis Vuitton in Japan Case Study Analysis Kaplan University School of Business MT460 Management Policy and Strategy Author: Professor: Ernest Norris Date: June 9, 2014 External Global Environment of Louis Vuitton in Japan Introduction This case study is on the external and global environment of Louis Vuitton (LV) in Japan. For many years, Japan has been Louis Vuitton’s most profitable market but the economicRead MoreLv Marketing Analysis1462 Words   |  6 PagesLouis Vuitton Analysis SWOT; Porter’s; PESTLE Louis Vuitton Analysis SWOT; Porter’s; PESTLE TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 Louis vuitton – the brand # SWOT analysis # Porter’s model # pestle # INTRODUCTION This is a report about the brand named Louis Vuitton in terms of brand analysis on the context of Marketing Lectures. We choose Louis Vuitton because it is an interesting brand to analyze since it is strongly established in the market and has been growing despite the economicRead MoreLouis Vuitton1146 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Case 14: Louis Vuitton in Japan American Military University Abstract Established in France in 1854, Louis Vuitton, known as the oldest supplier of French luxury fashion goods, became known for its exquisite leather bags and trunks. Louis Vuitton opened its first overseas location in 1885 located in London, England. In 1888, Louis Vuitton developed the Canvas Damier Pattern which provided brand recognition and a symbol of product excellence. In 1977, Louis Vuitton expanded intoRead MoreLouis Vitton in India Harvard Case1471 Words   |  6 PagesLouis Vuitton and the Indian market for luxury goods Louis Vuitton redefines luxury. The Louis Vuitton Moet Hennessy (LVMH) group is a global leader in a variety of luxury industries spanning across various categories including: fashion and leather, wines and spirits, perfumes and cosmetics, and watches and jewelry[1]. The LVMH group has thrived in conventional markets such as Europe and the United States because both markets are characteristically and densely populated with high-income individualsRead MoreLouis Vuitton Porters Five Forces Analysis1338 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Described in this paper is Louis Vuitton’s (LV) evaluation of the external and global environment of LV in Japan. We will discuss the remote, industry, and operating of the external environment along with the factors involved in the global environment utilizing the S.W.O.T., P.E.S.T.L.E., RVINE, and Porter’s Five Force analysis tools. Known as one of the oldest French luxury fashion houses, â€Å"Louis Vuitton†, an international, well-established brand mostly famous for its craftwork leatherRead MoreLouis Vuitton Porters Five Forces Analysis1298 Words   |  6 PagesDescribed in this paper is Louis Vuitton’s (LV) evaluation of the external and the global environment of LV in Japan. We will discuss the remote, industry, and operating of the external environment along with the factors involved in the global environment utilizing the S.W.O.T., P.E.S.T.L.E., RVINE, and Porter’s Five Force analysis tools. Known as one of the oldest French luxury fashion houses, â€Å"Louis Vuitton†, an international, well-established brand most famous for its craftwork leather bags andRead MoreLouis Vuitton : The World Known Luxury Leather Finally998 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1854, Louis Vuitton Malletier run his own company in Paris (France). That is, as we know, Louis Vuitton (LV). The brand grows into the world-renowned luxury leather finally. According to our case, his success is based on three rules. That is, to master his savoir, to provide excellent service to his customers and to innovate continuously. Besides, in 1987, the company of LV merged with Moet Hennessy that was a company much larger than it to form the Moet Hennessy Louis Vuitton (LVMH) group. Moreover

The End Of Food By Lizzie Widdicombe - 1396 Words

American poet and Civil rights activist Maya Angelou once said â€Å"Eating is so intimate. It s very sensual. When you invite someone to sit at your table and you want to cook for them, you re inviting a person into your life.† Throughout the history of humans, food has been a constant in cultures, traditions and everyday life. People have evolutionized to crave food because it gives us the nutrients and minerals that are needed for survival. Interestingly, as things like transportation, shelter, warmth, health and ideology have changed over long periods of time to become more efficient, food has remained close to the same. The food that is given to humans today from the time they are a small child is quite similar to the food eaten hundreds and even thousands of years ago. Food has become such a large part of the human culture that it has not advanced to the degree that other things such as the human home has changed in order to become economical. In the article â€Å"The E nd of Food† by Lizzie Widdicombe, Widdicombe discusses the story of Rob Rhinehart who embellishes the idea of changing food to become more useful and efficient to humans. While working long hart hours, Rhinehart creates Soylent, which is a mixture made up the necessary nutrients and minerals for survival, in order to reduce the amount of time and money he spends on eating everyday. In other words, unlike Maya Angelou, Rhinehart does not view eating as intimate or sensual. He views eating as an inconvenience thatShow MoreRelatedThe End Of Food As We Know It?1264 Words   |  6 PagesMason Brudzinski First Year Writing Requirement Directed Self-Placement June 22nd. 2016 The End of Food as we know it? In the midst of a failing telecommunication start up, and stumbling into a problem like any mundane individual. Robert Rhinehart, was posed with quite the dilemma on the verge of going belly up on his initial telecommunication project and scrapping by looking in any which direction to subsidize his cost to be solely invested in the new telecommunication market; Soylent was born:Read MoreFood Tradition : The Thread That Links Generations1605 Words   |  7 Pagesbecomes a part of who they are. In â€Å"The End of Food† by Lizzie Widdicombe, the author introduces three young men who eliminated food to save money by creating a potion of only the essential vitamins and minerals needed to survive. In â€Å"Food Tradition:The Thread That Links Generations† by Bonny Wolf, the author explains how food and family are connected through the love of food . In â€Å"Our Moods, Our Foods† by Julie Beck, the author explains the relationship between food and our emotions. The C ollege StudentRead MoreThe Destruction Of Food Production1393 Words   |  6 Pagesthe pursuit of food. Civilization sprung up as food harvesting and farming became more optimized and specialized. The procurement of food declined as the greatest usage of human time. The efficiency of food production has allowed humanity to thrive on the different industrial and technological revolutions, and create a better standard of living for many people. Lizzie Widdicombe in the â€Å"End of Food† writes about Soylent, a â€Å"overall food substitute† that aims to replace regular food. According to

Robin Hood Case Study free essay sample

Do scenario planning for Robin regarding the issue of killing the sheriff. What happens if Robin does not try? What happens if he tries and succeeds? What happens if he tries and fails? The sheriff is growing stronger and becoming better organized day by day. The sheriff’s money and men are growing in numbers also which means if Robin does not take action soon then the sheriff will get his mortal blow to the campaign that he wants. If Robin does not try to kill the sheriff then nothing changes and the sheriff will never stop until he takes Robin and the Merrymen down. The problem with trying to kill the sheriff is that it would be very hard at this point when he is so strong but it is not impossible. If Robin tries to take down the sheriff and succeeds it would most definitely satisfy his thirst for revenge, but it would not improve the situation. We will write a custom essay sample on Robin Hood Case Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Someone would just take the sheriffs place that shares the same vision or just do what is told of by Prince John. If Robin tries to kill the sheriff and fails then Robin would most likely be killed and the sheriff would ultimately â€Å"win†. The Merrymen would be leader-less so they would either crumble and everything would go back to the way it was before or they could revolt. The Merrymen could be so upset about the death of Robin that they could revolt against the sheriff and Prince John and take back order and restore the throne to King Richard. 2. Formulate a potential new strategy for Robin’s organization. Robin and the Merrymen are growing rapidly and instead of a small band of men they now have a major encampment of men. The problem with this is that discipline and vigilance is down and needs to brought back up. So I suggest that Robin coordinates with Little John and Millers son to bring these things up and to make the group into a well-disciplined and trained organization. Once this is accomplished instead of joining the conspiracy to free King Richard just go straight after the source (Prince John). It seems to me that Robin and the Merrymen are caught up on taking down the sheriff when in reality even if they succeed and take down the sheriff someone will just take his place and nothing will be accomplished. So I suggest retraining his band of brothers and then going after Prince John and bringing him down. Once he is brought down then they could restore the throne to Kind Richard and he will take care of the sheriff and restore order to Nottingham.

Impact of Globalization on the Value Chain

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Globalization on the Value Chain. Answer: Introduction It is observed that the process of corporate consideration is like a sea change that has tides and at times it is quiet with some surprises in a way. There are new challenges, when companies face, it is equally a challenge for small business consideration and even for multinational companies. There are issues that emerge and are even affected with the performance and behavior of the senior level management to handle crisis management when globalization affects the company. This is an impressive development that an organization owns with the impact of globalization in this age (Wuelser et al. 2012). The changes are faster now a days and this threatens the survival of organization with the factors that affect the value chain organization. There are new challenges such as new competitors, capital investment and mobilization, difficulties in retention process and as such a higher level change of technology that has an extreme element with which the managers has to get prepared for the challenges and the change. Managers continuously try to prove their responsibility by proving the change in an organization. As such there are many factors that impact the globalization on the value chain (Zindiye et al. 2012). This seems to be motivating the employees by handling them their work responsibility and analyzing the impacts with each of the element in the business. There are corporate considerations that include the change when globalization matters on the value chain of the business. Other factors such as competitive advantage considerations, financial considerations, technological consi deration, and cultural consideration, and human resource consideration, political and economic consideration do justify the overall information regarding the impact of globalization on the value chain (Harrison et al. 2004). Competitive Advantage Considerations Due to globalization, companies face a high competition in the domestic as well as international markets. Globalization promotes competition, which requires excellent services and high quality which leads to the growth of the company. For competing in the global market, the companies need to develop and grow powerful enough to sustain for a long term in the market. The companies need to constantly develop innovative strategies and plans to remain competitive and develop a huge market share (Wuelser et al. 2012). As per different industries, the ratio of competition and chances of survival differs. The companies may face high competition if the market is already occupied by the best service provider companies which are difficult to defeat. There are numerous advantages of getting the business globalized. Globalizing into the developing countries and countries from where the company can find cheap resources, raw materials, energy sources and liberal rules and regulations (Geoff, 2006) The strongest example of the advantage of globalization is found within the case of US. The United States faced a decline of manufacturing industry and was on the edge to diminish due to high costs and expenditures. But due to globalization and expanding the manufacturing business into various developing countries where the resources, the labor costs and the overall expenditures were less, US were successfully able to maintain its manufacturing business. Also differences in the currencies help the countries to gain high revenues and profits in comparison to the base countries from where it developed (Zindiye et al. 2012). Along with the favorable locations for the business in terms of geographic, economic, demographic and conditions can also be explored which would enhance the quality and success of the business. Thus globalization and managing the value chain has a wide competitive advantage for companies (Acemoglu et al. 2007). Corporate Consideration The large corporations aim to reach the entire globe by exploring their offices and branches all around the world in different countries. The corporate considerations of globalization and value chain include the development of a companys branches and offices into different countries and enhance the value chain for the customers of those countries (Varghese, 2011). Also the large corporations enter the under developed countries and stimulate technology and automation in the countries. It has been identified from various surveys that 51 from the list of top economies are not countries but are businesses and corporations. The businesses generate more revenue than countries (Wuelser et al. 2012). As an example, Walmarts revenues are considerably higher than Indonesias total revenues. The companies now do not face any boundaries for developing at the global level and also succeeds in developing a sustainable and reliable value chain. The companies consider the value chain and customer value as important aspects of globalization (Prete et al. 2015). The companies adopt the political, demographic, economical etc. values of the countries where they expand. This makes it easy for them to get smoothly established in the countries. As an example, McDonalds is a huge chain of restaurants which has 31,000 restaurants in 118 different countries of the world. The company has amazing strategies to regulate globalization while maintain the value chain. The company performs in depth analysis regarding the culture of the countries and then penetrates in the market (Varghese, 2011). Despite of its huge brand name, the company adopted various factors like the political, legal, cultural, demographic etc. factors and values and then started businesses in various countries. This made McDonalds widely accepted and welcomed in every country where it expanded and maintained its value chain (Defever and Farid, 2013). Along with globalization, the companies require to understand and practice then social responsibilities. The social responsibility includes developing services which can benefit the entire society and provides outcomes which are beneficial to each individual entity concerned with the business (Hamilton and Webster, 2009). The companies are liable to develop ethical behavior showcasing the concern and benefits of the customers, employees, stakeholders and shareholders. The social responsibility includes several aspects like environmental, social, moral and financial factors. Globalization must practiced as two sided process where the company grows while developing into various countries fulfilling the social responsibilities and the countries gets benefited by having huge multinational companies serving the citizens and providing income and employment to the citizens (Zindiye et al. 2012). The companies promote technological and economical transformations while emerging into various countries (Alfaro and Maggie, 2014). Not only the companies and society gets benefited but also the trade relations and the political relations of the countries are enhanced by this. The huge example of best practice of corporate social responsibility are the Open Door Policies in China which provides trade and finance liberalization (Varghese, 2011). Thus Social responsibility is a very important aspect in the globalization and value chain management. Financial considerations Finance is an important aspect which gets hugely affected by globalization. The developing countries have been majorly benefited due to the globalization o terms of cash flow and growth rate. This leads to the incorporation of all the financial markets into a single global market (Hamilton and Webster, 2009). Also, uniformity and stability has to be maintained to achieve financial benefits of globalization and value chain management. The developing countries are highly benefited from the globalization in terms of fianc as, the changes and instability of the currencies and conversions leads to more income. These aspects, however act as a barrier or hindrance to globalization for some countries (Cunningham, 2008). The banking sector has changed where the banks have negotiated the chances of financial risks by transforming the assets into tradable securities and interest rate changes. The integration of a countrys finance into the global market gives the investors a stable and powerful platform and thus the businesses planning to increase funds would have a wider option of investors to select from (Wuelser et al. 2012). The financial system for the lenders and borrowers has got more transparent and competitive. The domestic market has, however experienced some critical conditions in contest to financial concerns due to globalization (Alfaro and Maggie, 2014). For example, Saudi Arabia prepared its yearly budget assuming that the prices of oil are 40 USD but was in actual 100 USD. Due to this the country had a huge surplus and the liquidity dried up. Thus, there are benefits and harms of globalization in terms of the financial market, but it is significantly marked that the distribution of capital is done in a very efficient and effective manner which benefits the society or investors of the country and the companies both (Alfaro and Maggie, 2014). Technological Considerations The technology has promoted and regulated the globalization where companies get various benefits regarding the business to business transactions (Hamilton and Webster, 2009). Several costs are reduced, which benefits the companies. The advancement of internet has led to numerous advantages of data sharing. All over the world, people are able to communicate and trade. Since the last few decades the globalization process has become more efficient and simpler due to the technology (Antr`as, 2015). This includes areas like communication technology, information technology, transportation technology etc. If we consider the information technology, the internet and the World Wide Web has dragged globalization to a new level where people are able to communicate from huge distances and share the data and information (Nigam, 2009). The various aspects and news regarding various countries are available just within a fraction of time through which it gets so easy to analyse and trade with countries. If we consider the communicational technology, there are various mediums which have made communication very easy between countries (Hamilton and Webster, 2009). The mobile phones, the internet and mailing systems, softwares and applications are developed which makes communication a very simple and efficient matter. The significance of transport technology is also highly impactful as the sea, air and road transport has become so easy and speedier. The advancements and development in the engines, and the technology used in building the transportation vehicles has become more advanced which has increased the trading and tourism among countries. Thus the technology can be said as the most powerful reason behind the increase and ease in globalization (Antr`as, 2015). Human resource considerations The impact of globalization on human resource consideration has a positive impact that matters for the value chain organization. As such globalization and human resource are interlinked with the worldwide phenomenon and this gets into the shape with the corporate world which is actually predominant (Ogunsola, 2005). There is an immense relationship between globalization and strategic human resource (Nations, 2011). As such due to globalization, there are significant changes that are considered with high degree of improvement in the human resource activity in an organization. The extents to which the human resource department adopts the standards that are set globally are well recognized and accepted by the companies (Antr`as and Davin, 2013). The degree of globalization and the impact of globalization are widely considered in IBM, where employees are treated with high respect at the same time, they are responsible to fulfill their work with high degree of ethics with the prevalent work culture (Hamilton and Webster, 2009). If the degree of globalization is high, the degree of correspondence seems to be an influencing factor for the human resource department (Nigam, 2009). It is important to know that globalization has various challenges that the company needs to consider when it reaches at a point where strategic human resource planning is the next step to carry forward the growth and development of an organization (Ogunsola, 2005). Cultural considerations The impact of globalization has an affect towards the cultural change whereas the production and sales of goods and services do impact with the development of the country and its wellbeing (Pieterse, 2009). The way globalization has come up with the value chain has some home changed the scenario with the concerned change that has to threaten with the local products? Products at the domestic level can now be exported with the change in the system and the products with higher value satisfaction. the foreign foods such as Mac D has come up in the market and people have accepted the change in their food habits due to the familiarity and fame that the company has all around the world (Powell, 2015). The globalization approach has made simple things more complex with the increase in the supply of good and the choice that people get with large number of foreign consumer products, this actually disrupts the traditional producers and so in this case it may adversely affect the demand and supp ly of the local products (Broda and David, 2006). This gives a demographic level and an international level of cultural demands and supply thereby it assists to the expansion of trade in various countries with an impact of a positive and a negative impact towards the value chain (Nigam, 2009). Globalization tends to majorly realm the elite because of the reason that there are many such individuals who are merely engaging into the affluent purchase that enhances the online products in the global market (Pieterse, 2009). This criterion is very much inclusive now days and the backgrounds interact as such with the westernized milieu. International business acceptance criteria have been widely spread and western culture has influenced the behavior and the language that generates the international or else the economic rate of the country. Economical and Political Considerations: The economical aspects like GDP and its increment due to globalization, the foreign direct investment, the income and payments, the revenues are considered while identifying the economical benefits of globalization. The political globalization includes the number and increment in the number of foreign embassies in a given country, participation in the international organizations, number of treaties signed between countries, trade relation with countries etc (Ogunsola, 2005). Due to globalization the interdependability of countries in context to the economical and political aspects has increased. The economical globalization has led to flow of capital, cash, gods, technology, and skills among countries. Due to the economic globalization the foreign investment and employment opportunities have increased (Pieterse, 2009). The foreign trade has developed import, export and trade relations among countries and the developing countries shave especially gained huge benefits from globalization. The political aspects showcase come advantages and disadvantages. The political aspects generally consider power which may get the situations and relations among the country tensed up. The developing countries are dependent on the powerful countries for trade and employment areas. The political relations can be damaged between countries having equal powers and can stress up the trade relations (Powell, 2015). Thus the economical and political aspects have a quite high influence on the globalization. While having proper and unbiased trade rules and regulations, the countries can have a proper advantage of globalization. Conclusion There are positive and negative impacts of globalization on value chain and these were discussed while considering various factors that affect the globalization. By evaluating each factor, the findings reveal that the extent of which globalization is accepted is very much significant due to the emerging markets and the developed countries that enhance the privatization and liberalization. The positive impacts are the number of factors that include trade, technology, investment opportunities, competition, organizational structure and education at the prioritized level. The whole effort lies in the global community that engages various countries and transactions between these countries. As such there are advancements and improvements that have developed since a decade and the availability of options that enhance the growth and development of an organization. The impact of globalization on value chain has been directly focused on some considerations that affect in the economy and in the country with a significant level (Powell, 2015). The political considerations, human resource considerations, economic considerations, cultural considerations, competition and technological considerations are affected with the advancement and change in the economy. References: Acemoglu, D., Pol A., and Elhanan, H. (2007), Contracts and Technology Adoption, American Economic Review 97(3): 916-943. Alfaro, L., and Maggie, X. C. (2014), The Global Agglomeration of Multinational Firms, Journal of International Economics 94(2): 263-276. Antr`as, P. (2015), Global Production: Firms, Contracts and Trade Structure, Princeton University Press, forthcoming. Antr`as, P., and Davin, C. (2013), Organizing the Global Value Chain, Econometrica 81(6): 2127-2204 Broda, C., and David, W.(2006), Globalization and the Gains from Variety, Quarterly Journal of Economics 121(2): 541-585. Cunningham, S. R. (2008). Financing creative industries in developing countries. Creative industries and developing countries: Voice, Choice and Economic growth, Routlegde Londonand New York, pp.65-110. Defever, F., and Farid, T. (2013), Productivity, Relationship-Specific Inputs and the Sourcing Modes of Multinationals, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 94: 345-357. Farrell, R. R. (2007, February 23). The Future of Globalization. Retrieved September 26, 2011, from Website of The Real Truth, Magazine: https://www.realtruth.org/articles/070223-001-globalization.html Geoff, R., E. C. (2006). A2 Macroeconomics / International Economy. Retrieved September 27, 2011, from Tutor 2 u: https://tutor2u.net/economics/revision-notes/a2-macro-globalisation-effects.html Harrison, A. E., Inessa, L., and Margaret, S. M. (2004), Global Capital Flows and Financing Constraints, Journal of Development Economics 75(1): 269-301 Hamilton, L., and Webster, P. (2009). The International Business Enviroment. New York: Oxford Univeristy Press. Nations, U. (2011). Global Investment Trends. New York: UNCTAD. Nigam, M. (2009), August. Impact of Globalization. Retrieved September 26, 2011, from Article Base Web Site: https://monikanigam.articlesbase.com/science-articles/impact-of-globalization-1095770.html Ogunsola, L. A. (2005). Information and Communication Technologies and the Effects of Globalization: Twenty-First Century "Digital Slavery" for Developing Countries--Myth or Reality?Electronic Journal of Academic and Special Librarianship , 2, 1-2. Pieterse, J. N. (2009). Globalization and culture: Global mlange. Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. Powell, J. L. (2015). Globalization and Scapes: A New Theory of Global Dynamics. International Journal of Social and Humanistic Sciences. Varghese, N. (2011). Globalization and cross-border Education: Challenges for the development of higher education in Commonwealth countries. Kuala Lumpur: International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP). Wuelser, G., Pohl, C., and Hadorn, G. H. (2012). Structuring complexity for tailoring research contributions to sustainable development: a framework. Sustainability science, 7(1), 81-93. Zindiye, S., Chiliya, N., and Masocha, R. (2012). The impact of Government and other Institutions' support on the Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises in the Manufacturing Sector in Harare, Zimbabwe. International Journal of Business Management and Economic Research, 3(6), 655-667.

DreiserS Sister Carrie Essays - Fiction, Literature, Carrie

Dreiser'S ?Sister Carrie? I think it is very difficult to define the exact character of Dreiser's ?Sister Carrie?, and his original intention. I would say, ?as many eyes, so many opinions?, so no wonder there are different approaches and interpretations towards the novel which is influenced not just by the reader's reading or personal experience, but also by their particular philosophy of life as well as knowledge about the historical background. ?Sister Carrie? can be read as a novel of desire, seduction, or the critique of capitalism and consumerism. It's definitely not the plot or characters which are dominant elements of it. The taste and the literary value of Dreiser's novel is shaped and created by its setting and the author's tone. Chicago and New York have almost as organic and important role in the novel as the characters. They do not just form the simple environment for the novel, but they influence its character and a very strong impression. Chicago's character is kind of more ?positive?, it is a city of promise, luck, rise (Carrie). We can say that in Chicago, Hurtswood means something. New York ?s character is different. It's a city of lies, fall, impersonal isolation of ?walled city where surviving is much more difficult than in Chicago. In New York, Hurstwood means nothing. The setting creates different expectations to people. During the reading of ?Sister Carrie?, I was interested in searching and revealing the different kinds of desire. Generally we can say that Dreiser deals with the desire of wealth, social status, material things which are represented by money. Within this generalization, we can find and identify many other faces and forms of lust and longing. Carrie, as an ambitious and strong woman embodies the social values of the consumer culture. All she longs for is a material wealth, which represents power. She can be seen as a symbol of money. But Carrie lives in a world of prices. Her labor costs $4.50; board $4 a week; car fare $.60; cheap lunch $.10; etc. She imitates everything perfectly and that's why she is becoming what people want her to become. Her desires come from other people's desires. It is exactly Drouet, who introduces her to the world of wealth, to materialism. He gives her money, flat even ?name when she enters the world of theater. She plays her role according to Drouet's desires ? once acts as his mistress or ?wife?. She plays a kind of role for him and by imitating whatever the ?drumm er? desires in women, she becomes merely a reflection of ?masculine? desire. It seems to me that she is never allowed to express any desire of her own ? except for her desire for consumption (admiring and buying clothes). I think in her relationship with other people, she feels bigger pleasure fro being desired than for feeling desire of her own. The question is wheter Dreiser's attitude towards women is negative or positive? Are his women just objects or active characters? Or does Dreiser reinforce the conventional belief that the essence of a woman is just a performance of a role? I think we can also talk about a kind of ?prostitution? as for the female characters, namely Carrie and Julia. Carrie sells herself for $20, and she is paid far more for her body than she is for her labor. Julia also demands money which makes her marriage also as a form of prostitution. Is sex in this world, consumption society, a woman's most marketable product? Do these women have or even can they have their own faces? Hurstwood's desire is to possess, to possess a quiet and peaceful life with exciting ?episodes?. He views marriage as a contract that gives him a right to control both women without questions. He thinks he has the absolute power to make decisions. Does Dreiser want to stress that power is a natural and singular masculine right? Dreiser's attitude towards his characters is pretty confusing. He tries to manipulate his readers and throughout the novel, he makes comments judgements on the characters and their actions. Definitely, he feels more sympathy towards his male characters. His opinion on women is not ?pleasant?, he is putting them to a position of creatures who are

Fiduciary Duty Essays - Loans, Fiduciary, Mortgage Loan, Creditor

Fiduciary Duty Essays - Loans, Fiduciary, Mortgage Loan, Creditor Fiduciary Duty A fiduciary relationship is defined as a relationship in which one person is under a duty to act for the benefit of another on matters within the scope of the relationship. A fiduciary is defined as a person who is required to act for the benefit of another person on all matters within the scope of their relationship. In the seminal case Garrett v. Bankwest, Inc., the Supreme Court of South Dakota held that a fiduciary relationship exists between a lender and a borrower only if, (1) the borrower reposes faith, confidence, and trust in the lender, (2) the borrower is in a position of inequality, dependence, weakness, or lack of knowledge, and (3) the lender exercises dominion, control, or influence over the borrower?s affairs. All three of the elements must exist in order to establish a fiduciary duty between a lender and a borrower. The court also held that the relationship between a lender and borrower is generally viewed as a debtor-creditor relationship which imposes no special or fiduciary duties on a bank. The courts have generally ruled that when a fiduciary duty does exist, it is because the relationship between the lender and the borrower goes beyond typical contractual agreements. The majority of cases in Alabama show that the courts hold that lenders do not owe a borrower a fiduciary duty out of a basic creditor-debtor relationship. In Lee v. United Fed. Sav. The buyers applied for and received a loan from the United Federal Savings and Loan Association to purchase a house. After purchasing the house, the buyers found several structural problems and went to United Federal concerning them. United Federal referred the buyers to the firm that had inspected the house, and they then learned that the inspection report written prior to the purchase had identified the structural issues. The buyers filed suit against United Federal and others claiming that they had established ?a confidential relationship, or special circumstances between the parties, under which the law imposed a duty on United Federal to disclose all material information it possessed about the condition of the house.? The court ruled that that just because a financial institution lends money for the purchase of a house, it does not create a confidential relationship which imposes a duty to disclose facts at their disposal (even if they have knowle dge of defects in the house). The court stated that, ?We decline to recognize any such duty between United Federal and the Lees (the buyers) under the facts presented, which indicate to us an arm?s length transaction. Absent a confidential relationship, no duty to disclose exists The court determined that only a debtor-creditor relationship existed and the circumstances do not create a confidential relationship. Therefore, the lender owed no fiduciary duty to the borrower. In McIntyre Electric Serv., Inc. v. SouthTrust Bank of Mobile, McIntyre Electric filed suit against SouthTrust Bank after the bank cancelled the company?s credit and demanded payment on all outstanding loans. McIntyre Electric had conducted business and borrowed money from SouthTrust for eight to nine years prior to filing suit. In 1980 and 1981 the company experienced financial difficulties, was extended credit by SouthTrust and was assured that the bank would ?stand behind McIntyre financially in order that McIntyre Electric might reach financial stability.? McIntyre had contemplated going out of business but had decided to continue operating after receiving the commitment from SouthTrust. In their argument to the court, McIntyre asserted that those circumstances created a fiduciary relationship with SouthTrust. The court ruled that only a debtor-creditor relationship existed and that SouthTrust had no control or influence over McIntyre?s business except as a creditor. In thi s case, even though the lender had pledged to help the borrower remain in business, a relationship establishing fiduciary duty did not exist. Another case which addresses fiduciary duty is Ex parte Ford Motor Credit Co. In this case, the buyer of an automobile filed suit against the automobile dealership and the credit company when he learned of the existence of a commission on his loan between the two. The buyer

Wireless fan (high level design) report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Wireless fan (high level design) report - Essay Example This document, once it is approved, serves as the basis for: The scope of this project is to architect, design and create Wireless fan. The fan has four switches one of them is turn on/off (A), and the others which are (B,C,D) to change the speed levels of the fan. So I have: The wireless has an exposed antenna. This antenna serves the purpose of boosting transmission of the trigger towards movement of the fan. The components would be light and not jammed because there is meager use of connecting wires. It is vital to note that the switches will possess an indirect link to the decoder. This is to enable the usability of switches. In addition, the switches will possess an angle of 90 degrees to the motor. This is to enable the compatibility of the switches to the motor fan. It is vital to note of the idea that the wireless fan system possesses two core components. These two components have more than a functional separation. The core parts possess a physical and functional separation between the sending and receiving components. This has a first antenna and a second antenna that link to transmit signals between the same. The decoder is segregated to send and receive signals through the system of antennae. The antennae have a relationship between the two links in a sense that the two signals shift between entities. Therefore, the decoder connects to the motor that rotates to trigger the movement of the blades. The system has four switches that connect to the four sections of the decoder. The decoder connects to the antenna and the LDE. In this sense, the antenna sends a signal to the receiving antenna. The antenna transmits a signal that triggers three levels of the decoder. The decoder, thus, transmits a signal to the motor that

Literature Review on IQ Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Literature Review on IQ - Essay Example In Stephen Ceci’s IQ to the Test. Psychology today, he explains that the history of IQ testing first started technically in 1905 by Alfred Binet and later it evolved into different methods. Now over 100 years old, IQ testing is now one of the primary tools that are used for identifying children who have mental retardation and also learning disabilities. IQ testing has also helped many governments, companies, and organizations all over the world today place their new recruits in positions which suit their skills and abilities (Ceci 11). Malcolm Gladwell, in his book Outliers, weighs in on nature versus nurture debate and tries to argue that all the other things i.e. our cultural legacy, our parents, our time of birth and where we come from help to shape our success. The book deals with the societal and cultural forces which bring about opportunistic individuals. By using a series of case studies, Gladwell argues that most people believe in the myth that successful individuals a re self made but instead, he says that they are always the beneficiaries of extraordinary opportunities, cultural legacies and hidden advantages which makes them able to learn and work hard in ways that others cannot. He defines an outlier as somebody out of the ordinary i.e. one who does not fit into our ordinary understanding of achievement (Gladwell 16). Gladwell tells us that once a person reaches a certain IQ, then he is likely to be successful just like somebody with a much higher IQ score. It turns out from his argument that IQ is a minor gauge of success since most successful people usually have an IQ that is above average but IQ alone cannot predict success. There are other factors such as creativity that may come into play. Gladwell shows this using several examples like a creative test that is given to two children and it occurred that the child who scored high marks on an IQ test was in fact much less creative than the other child i.e. the child with a high IQ gave corre ct answers but they didn’t have the glimmer of creativity that the other child provided in his answers (Gladwell 84). This is to say that IQ is just one small piece of the solutions that make someone to succeed and that having a high IQ does not necessarily mean one will succeed, though there may be a lowest amount IQ threshold required for success. Gladwell suggests that the connection between success and IQ only works up to a certain point and that once somebody has attained an IQ of about 120 then having extra IQ points does not translate into any advantage.Here,I believe the author makes two incorrect inferences (Gladwell 86). Gladwell argues that great men and women are beneficiaries of collaboration, time, specialization, culture and place. An outlier’s way for success isn’t personal myth but it is the combination of time and opportunity on task. Outliers is divided into two parts i.e. part one and part two. In Part one, which is entitled opportunity, Glad well tries to discredit several notions that geniuses are born not made, that people succeed mostly through their own ideas, and that courage trumps luck when explaining life outcomes. This part Contains five chapters which are organized around stories based on unsystematic research intended to prove that outliers, including geniuses are mainly products of one or another kind of

Week Two LT Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week Two LT Assignment - Essay Example By integrating the quality program to the core process of their manufacturing of CD changers, BJB will be able to produce durable components. The products target market already exists; hence the main issue with the product is durability and better sound quality for vehicles. High end CD-changers should be of appropriate size saves on power and has the appeal for various car markers. Cost effectiveness would be applied by using affordable and durable electronic parts from countries like Japan. The recommended quality management approach to use for various projects is a Quality Philosophy methodology. This method is beneficial; firstly, because it guides and influences the way directors of the company applies strategy and innovation (Hoyle, 2008). By reducing staff turnover and improving quality assurance, this approach can be deemed most appropriate. Additionally, the organization will be in a position to motivate itself to meet their clients’ demand of quality products and services. A quality philosophy system will help BJB to enhance their productivity by engaging the organization divisions and the external contributors like suppliers and lenders. This usually creates a culture of continuous innovation in problem solving of technical matters. In conclusion, by adopting this philosophy, BJB can easily adapt to the ever consumer needs and this will promote efficiencies and quality on higher level (Hoyle, 2008). This is the basis of creating excellence and a healthy team that not only promotes business success but also sustains continuous

Styles of Leadership in Different Cultures

Styles of Leadership in Different Cultures Executive Summary There are various motivational theories and styles of leadership which are being practiced by organizations worldwide. Certain motivational theories and styles of leadership would only be applicable based on factors such as the culture within which the organization operates. Sri Lanka being a country where power culture has been dominant has to follow less flexible, more extreme motivational theories and styles of leadership such as McGregors XY Theory and Autocratic or Authoritarian Leadership style respectively. It has been identified that there are various advantages and disadvantages of pursuing certain leadership styles. However, it is clear that independent of the style of leadership used, if the leader is an effective leader, this would be a great strength for an organization. Standard Chartered Bank having reported seven successive years of record income and continuous expansion of market share, despite the existing global economic condition, has been recognized as one of the worlds leading banks. The success is entirely a result of the effort of employee groups and leaders of the bank who have been exposed to a unique culture which has been brought up at the bank. Table of Contents Table of Figures Introduction An organization can be defined as a group of individuals working together to achieve a common goal or objective. To achieve these common goals and objectives an organization would require leadership as well as motivation. There are various styles of leadership and motivational theories which are practiced by organizations in order to achieve the desired result. Above all, effective leadership could be identified as one of the best motivational factors. An extensive analysis regarding Standard Chartered Bank has been done with the purpose of analyzing functions of groups, teams and leadership within organizations. Standard Chartered PLC is a British financial services company headquartered in London, England with operations in more than seventy countries. It operates a network of over 1,700 branches and outlets (including subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures) and employs 80,000 people. Despite its British base, it has few customers in the United Kingdom and around 90% of its profits come from Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. Motivational Theories and Leadership Motivation could be defined as a psychological process where internal and external factors influence a person to be continuously interested in pursuing and achieving goals. It could be said that motivation influences a persons behaviour at work and ultimately how he performs during the job. There are various motivational theories followed by organizations to motivate their employees and some of these theories are discussed below. Motivational Theories Douglas McGregors Theory X and Theory Y Douglas McGregor has developed two models which are known as Theory X and Theory Y. These two theories were formulated through examination of theories on individual behaviour at work. Douglas McGregors Theory X states that an average human being dislikes work, prefers to be directed, avoids responsibility, has little or no ambition, works for money and mainly security. Theory X has given rise to two management approaches, which are the soft and hard approach. Under the soft management approach, managers seek harmony with the employees under the impression that employees would cooperate with them when necessary. Where, under the hard management approach an employee has to be coerced, controlled, directed and threatened till the expected result it achieved. However, it should be noted that none of the extremes are suitable as employees require more than monetary rewards, they require fulfilling their higher order needs. It is understood the main reason for organizations to use this approach is to ensure that employees behave in the expected manner. Theory Y, unlike Theory X looks at an average human being from a more optimistic angle. Theory Y states that an average human being likes work, directs himself, accepts and seeks responsibility. Theory Y would be more valid and is used by organizations as this would result in higher levels of motivation for employees through matching organizational goals with personal goals. Further, this would lead to employee empowerment as creativity and opportunity to exercise initiative is allowed. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Theory Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Theory speaks of five groups of basic needs which usually motivate behaviour in many cultures. These basic needs are Physiological, Safety, Social, Esteem Needs and Self Actualization. Figure (Maslows Hierarchy of Needs) In Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Theory, once a need has been satisfied, the desire to satisfy a higher need rises. Hence, a person would be motivated to perform better. Organizations would use this theory to decide on what type of motivation needs to be given to its employees. Organizations use this theory by identifying, Behaviour of an individual at a given moment depends on his strongest need Physiological needs have the highest strength and a majority of employees would work to satisfy this level only An unsatisfied need acts as a motivation factor Once a need is satisfied the desire to achieve a higher order need rises A satisfied need would no longer act as a motivation factor ERG Theory ERG Theory resembles Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Theory. ERG Theory has three groups of needs. Where the first group would be Existence Needs (i.e. physical and material wants), second group would be Relatedness Needs (i.e. desire for interpersonal relationships) and third group would be Growth Needs (i.e. desire to be creative and productive). However, unlike Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Theory, the ERG Theory states, if frustrated in trying to satisfy Growth Needs, Relatedness Needs will re-emerge (frustration regression process). Organizations would use ERG theory to help them identify their employees dynamic needs and help the organizations to understand why employees have such dynamic needs (i.e. once satisfaction progression occurs the needs change and once frustration regression occurs needs change once again). Herzberg Two Factor Theory or Motivation Hygiene Theory Herzberg after carrying out many surveys concluded that to understand employee satisfaction or dissatisfaction work had to be divided into two categories. Motivation Factors: Factors which are strong contributors to job satisfaction. Hygiene Factors: Factors which are not strong contributors to job satisfaction but which must be present to meet an employees expectations and prevent job dissatisfaction. Hygiene Factors: Job security Relations with others Physical working conditions Company policies Pay Quality of supervision Motivation Factors: Achievement Responsibility Recognition Opportunities for personal growth Promotion opportunities Organizations use Herzbergs Two Factor Theory firstly to identify if their employees hygiene factors are met through which an assessment could be made regarding whether the employee is satisfied with the job or not. If not, the organization can identify which factors need to be adjusted so that this may alleviate job dissatisfaction. However, to motivate someone to perform better or to increase satisfaction motivation factors must be addressed by the organization. Using this theory, an organization would be able to identify which form of motivation would be necessary to motivate an employee as motivation factors relate to the nature of the work itself and the way the employee performs it. It should be further noted that this theory has a twofold approach of eliminating dissatisfiers and enhancing satisfiers. Victor Vrooms Expectancy Theory According to Victor Vrooms Expectancy Theory employees will work hard to achieve rewards that they values and that they consider obtainable. Further, Victor Vroom states that an employee will be motivated to exert a high level of effort to obtain reward under three conditions. The employee believes that his or her efforts will result in acceptable performance. The employee believes that acceptable performance will lead to the desired outcome or reward. The employee values the reward. (Karen Collins, 2007 cited in Flatworld Knowledge, n.d) Figure (Expectancy Theory Model) (Karen Collins, 2007 cited in Flatworld Knowledge, n.d) Organizations would use this theory as it would help the organization to understand and interpret, How employees decide to work The effect of planned rewards programs The effect of such planned rewards on the productivity of employees Sri Lanka is a country within which power culture is dominantly seen not only within society but also within organizations. As a result of this culture which has not changed much throughout the years, work force of an organization would naturally await orders from the top and are not interested to take initiative in most situations even when given the chance. Hence, when considering motivational theories which are now widely practiced through the world where a technique of motivating employees in a natural manner is used, it could be understood that such motivational theories if applied within organizations of the country may not result in the expected outcome. Based on this information it is possible to arrive at the conclusion that the most suitable motivational theory to be used by organizations operating within Sri Lanka is McGregors XY Theory where Theory X assumptions have to be used. Leadership Leadership Styles Leadership could be defined as a relationship through which one person influences the behaviour or actions of other people. There are various factors which should be considered when selecting a style of leadership. For example, nature of task (i.e. Urgency, Complexity), type of people being led (i.e. Maturity, Technical Experience, Competence), etc. There are mainly three types of leadership. The Authoritarian or Autocratic Style: A leader exercising this style would make decisions alone without advice from their followers and would state what has to be done and how. Such a style would be suitable in an occasion when all the required information to solve a problem is available, there is a lack of time and the employees are well motivated. The Participative or Democratic Style: A leader exercising this style would involve employees in the decision making process. The leadership functions are shared with members of the group resulting in greater interactions within the group. The group members have a greater say in decision making, determination of policy, implementation of systems and procedures. (Laurie J. Mullins 2007, p. 371) However, it should be noted that the leader maintains the final decision making authority. A Laissez Faire (Genuine) Style or Delegative Style: A leader exercising this style would allow the employees to make decisions after observing how employees work on their own. This is done when employees are able to analyze a situation and decide what has to be done and how. However, the leader would still be responsible for the decisions made. Beyond these leadership styles, it should be understood that leadership behaviour could either be directive or supportive. Advantages and Disadvantages of Leadership Styles Leadership Style Advantages Disadvantages The Authoritarian or Autocratic Style More group productivity while leader watches Decision making process is quicker as the leader makes the decision individually The organization may respond to danger quickly The level of dependence on the leader increases The level of hostility among employees may increase Work force may dislike being ordered around resulting in employee de-motivation The Participative or Democratic Style A positive work environment could develop Motivates creative thinking Reduces employee turnover as a result of less friction between the work force and the leaders Slower decision making Arguments may arise A Laissez Faire (Genuine) Style or Delegative Style Results in employee empowerment Promotes independent thinking Motivates creativity Employees can misuse the freedom given to them and perform poorly Figure (Advantages and Disadvantages of Leadership Styles) Leadership and Motivation Distinguished An authoritarian or autocratic leadership style is followed when employees are dependant and resist change. The efficiency of such employees would be low. Through high levels of supervision, command and control which is exercised by such leaders would motivate employees mainly in three forms. They are, Peer Motivated: As employees would like to be like others Authority Motivated: As employees would follow policies Threat and Fear Motivated: As employees would react to force When a participative or a democratic leadership style is followed there would be greater interaction within the group and hence the personality and efficiency of employees depends on the leaders skills and the work environment which he has created. When following such a leadership style, employees would be motivated in three forms. They are, Goal Motivated: As employees may recognize some opportunity Reward Motivated: As employees would recognize some opportunity for some material reward Recognition Motivated: As employees would recognize an opportunity for change in social status A Laissez Faire or delegative style is followed when employees take up leadership, thrive on change or opportunity, are independent and are achievers. Such employees would be very efficient compared to employees under other leadership styles. Leaders following this style would have limited supervision and would delegate decision making responsibility to employees. When following such a leadership style, employees would be motivated in two forms. They are, Self Motivated and Team Motivated: As employees are allowed to practice creativity When the above three types of leadership and motivation associated with them are analyzed, naturally a participative or a democratic leadership style is best to follow because in a team-motivated environment, dependant employees will be inspired and will strive to be acceptable with independent thinking co-workers. However, as it was mentioned before, due to the culture element of the country work force of an organization would naturally await orders from the top and are not interested to take initiative. Therefore, a leadership style where high levels of supervision, command and control is practiced would be more applicable for such an environment meaning, the most suitable leadership style to motivate employees within organizations would be the authoritarian or autocratic leadership style. Effective Leaders; A paramount to an Organization It could be said that effective leaders are the key for success of any organization. There are many characteristics an effective leader should have. Based on the information given below it is possible to understand that an effective leader is strength to an organization in many aspects. Given below are five factors which make an effective leader a paramount to an organization, An effective leader would be able to influence and inspire people to accomplish a goal, or an objective of an organization. It should be understood that leadership is not about power and has no relationship with driving employees to accomplish their tasks and duties out of fear. It should further be understood that an effective leader would help to encourage or motivate other employees to take up leadership, forming a successful and a powerful workforce. An effective leader would be a visionary person meaning awareness of organizational goals, objectives and vision. Only if employees see that their leader is aware of the direction which he must head they will follow him. This could be an advantage to an organization as such a person would be able to lead the employees of the organization in such a manner that they would achieve organizational goals and objectives. An effective leader would be a trustworthy person. It should be understood that trust if a leader is trustworthy his employees would have confidence in him even at tough times. Hence, it should be understood that if an organization has such a leader who has good relationships, is trustworthy and follows ethical standards that this would be a massive strength for the organization as this could be considered the base for an effective organization. Further, this would help the organization to develop a good impression through the community in which it operates. An effective leader would be able to communicate the organizational goals, objective, vision, knowledge and technical expertise to the organizations employees. This would help the employees of the organization to become effective too as they would gain the required knowledge, skills and an idea about organizational goals, objectives and vision. An effective leader would be able to make successful decisions based on intuition. This could lead an organization to success as at times there may be a need to make decisions quickly which maybe of very high importance and value when time for gathering information may be very limited. Groups, Teams and Leadership It is no secret that behind the success of Standard Chartered Bank, the staff of the bank has played a very important role. Effective leadership and well motivated staff has been the key for this excellent performance. To support and improve leadership development within the bank, Standard Chartered Bank now has seven core leadership development programs along with feedback programs such as the 360 feedback tool. Standard Chartered Bank gives special consideration not only for leadership but also for aspects such as employee relations, team building, culture and values, etc. Nature of Groups and Team Roles Nature of Groups A group could be defined as a collection of people who interact with each other over time in order to reach goals. These groups can either be formal or informal, where both types of these groups are seen at Standard Chartered Bank. One note worthy feature of these groups at Standard Chartered Bank is that the groups consist of individuals who come from various backgrounds, cultures and have different skills. However, Standard Chartered Bank has made sure that no conflict among bank staff occurs but instead understanding and development in multiple fields occurs; great example for this will be the employee exchange program (first time in 2008, between India and China) which the bank launched recently. Through this approach, Standard Chartered Bank has been able to, Align teams with business vision and objectives Build staff engagement and commitment Create opportunities for open and courageous conversations Clarify dependencies Accelerate high performance by leveraging strengths Team Roles A team role is, a pattern of behaviour, characteristic of the way in which one team member interacts with another whose performance serves to facilitate the progress of the team as a whole. (Laurie J. Mullins 2007, p.332) As Belbin has stated, even though there are nine team roles, it is rare to find members who are strong in all nine team roles. Standard Chartered Bank too has recognized this and in order to build up teams who are skilled in multiple ways the bank follows job rotation programs and also as it was mentioned above employee exchange programs. Through the employee exchange program or rather the talent exchange program the bank expects to forge stronger working relationships and cultural understanding between the two strategically important markets All our development is based on the philosophy of being a strengths-based organisation. We encourage individuals, managers and teams to identify and focus on their distinctive talents, and constantly challenge them to achieve more with them. We recognise that individual strengths are unique, and that each employee will deliver in a role in a different way. (Standard Chartered Bank, 2009) As it is quoted above, the bank encourages recognition of individual strengths through which the bank expects to achieve greater strengths. Through the interaction of individuals of such nature the bank expects to develop a highly talented work force through team work. Even though an individual member may not be highly talented he will be motivated to achieve and develop new strengths when he would be allowed to interact with people talented in multiple fields. Therefore, it could be understood that team roles play a vital part in the development process of the bank. Stages of Team Building Given below are the stages of team building or team development, Forming formalities are preserved and members are treated as strangers (polite but untrusting). Storming members start to communicate their feelings but probably still view themselves as part of their parent department rather than part of the team. They attack others insular attitudes while guarding their own (testing others). Norming people feel part of the team and realise that they can achieve work if they accept other viewpoints (valuing other types). Performing the team works in an open and trusting atmosphere where flexibility is the key and hierarchy is of little importance (flexibility from trust). (Carter McNamara, 1999) The above four stages of team building or development are very evident at Standard Chartered Bank. The initial two stages would be very clearly seen at the beginning when an employee would be newly selected and/or when they switch branches (consider the employee talent exchange program for example). However, as time passes by (a period of three months for the employee talent exchange program) employees would learn about each other, would value each other especially their culture and would be able to perform with flexibility which would build up from trust. An example for the last stages of the team building process would be when top executives frequently fill in for one another, whether leading regional celebrations, representing Standard Chartered Bank at key external events, or initiating internal dialogues with employees. They make their collaborative behaviour visible through extensive travel and photos of leaders from varied sites working together. Beyond the above mentioned four team development stages, there is one additional step which is known as adjourning. This would mean disbanding of the group due to completion of a task, members leaving the organization or moving on to other tasks. Team Cohesiveness It is one of the main responsibilities of a leader to ensure that the members of his work group cooperate so that the work group would be able to achieve the expected results. It is clear that cooperation among members of work groups is likely to be greater in a cohesive group resulting in beneficial effects for the organization. There are many factors which affect group cohesiveness. These factors could be categorized under four major headings as shown in the diagram below. Figure (Factors Contributing to Group Cohesiveness Performance) (Laurie J. Mullins 2007, p.307) Even though it is stated that there are disadvantages of cohesive groups such disadvantages have been minimized at Standard Chartered Bank through the unique culture which has been bread. The disadvantages of cohesive groups have been overwritten by the advantages of cohesive groups at Standard Chartered Bank resulting in an overall positive outcome. These groups have helped the bank through increased interaction between members of diverse cultures and ethnicities, growth of skills and knowledge of members through mutual help, lower turnover as the member feels that the organization has become a part of him, etc. Motivational Tools and Techniques Standard Chartered Bank follows a range of methods to encourage or motivate their employees. Motivation at Standard Chartered Bank takes place through, Learning and Development: Learning and Development process at Standard Chartered Bank starts once an employee joins the bank and this will continue till the employee resigns the organization. Standard Chartered Bank uses advance new technology to make this process an interesting one and gives encouragement for members to participate. Examples for Learning and Development at Standard Chartered Bank: Right Start, Job rotation, Talent Exchange, Core Leadership Development, 360 feedbacks etc. Employee Relations: Standard Chartered Bank follows an approach where it would deal with employees on an individual basis rather than a collective basis. This approach focuses on direct communication, managing organisational change and involving and motivating employees. Reward and Recognition: There are two elements to remuneration within Standard Chartered Bank; an annual salary and a performance based element. At Standard Chartered Bank performance would not mean just achieving goals instead it means how employees demonstrate the banks unique culture and values in their working lives. Employees would receive individual ratings but those with lowest values of ratings will not receive any performance related bonus even if they have achieved their final targets. Great Working Environment Other Facilities: Standard Chartered Bank has an environment which could be stated as one of the best environments to work at. The structures have been constructed according to expected standards and latest technology has been used where possible. Further, the bank provides other facilities, such as the day care centre where various forms of education would be given for the children of the employees, freeing the employees from the burden of worrying about their children during working hours. Impact of Technology on Team Building It is clear that technological changes have enabled Standard Chartered Bank to achieve new heights in many fields. When considering team building, as it was mentioned above in the previous section, Standard Chartered Bank uses technology right from the beginning of an employees career. Right Start is the new induction process which the bank uses for new employees. It is clear, that even this simple step will help the organization to develop better teams within shorter time periods resulting in more effective outcome. Hence, it is understood that technology has a massive impact on team building process. Our induction process for new employees was enhanced during the year with the launch of a new online virtual world. The Right Start Learning Journey offers access to critical information about our history, core businesses and supporting functions, sustainability agenda and much more in a fun and interactive way. New employees can visit the site, which was created by our Learning and Development Team, as often as they like while a discussion forum allows them to communicate with other new recruits. (Standard Chartered Bank, 2009) It should further be understood, that this same process of new employees getting to know other employees and building up successful teams would have been a very slow process causing possible inefficiencies for the organization in indirect ways. Even though technology has had its positive impact on the team building process it could be said that there are drawbacks if excessive technology is used as it may decrease person to person interactions resulting in lower awareness or understanding regarding one another. However, this situation is not yet seen at Standard Chartered Bank as the bank arranges certain social events where employees can get to know each other better, independent of their position at the bank. Conclusion Due to the strong cultural effect persisting within Sri Lanka, employees would naturally require high levels of supervision, command and control resulting in the usage of leadership styles such as authoritarian or autocratic leadership and extreme motivational theories such as McGregors XY Theory (Theory X assumptions), neither of which could not be considered as the best choice. To overcome this situation, changes to the culture within the organization could be done through an eventual process and in such a manner that employees would not feel threatened. Further, it could be understood that an effective leader could bring about the desired change even in such a culture. Behind every successful organization there would always be a highly talented and committed work force as at Standard Chartered Bank. Based on the information which was stated in the body of the report, it was possible to arrive at the conclusion that due to the unique culture which has been brought up at Standard Chartered Bank where technology and many other elements have played an important role, every employee would have an opportunity to either be an excellent team player or to be an excellent leader. To further improve, the bank can integrate more team based discussions and such activities where technology could be used in a balanced manner.

Narmers Palette :: essays research papers

As Egypt grew and flourished to a powerful and rich nation, it left behind for today's historians, clues and artifacts of a once distinctive, well established and structured society. Proof of this is clearly depicted in king Narmer's Palette. This Palette shows historians the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt, which signified the beginnings of a civilized era centred around the Nile. The unification of Egypt occurred around 3100 B.C., under the First Dynasty of Menes(3100-2850 B.C.). This age is commonly know as the Protodynastic era, which is known for the establishment of a firm political structure of the land which was unified in the hands of the king. The glorification of Lower and Upper Egypt uniting was portrayed in Narmer's Palette, which was found in the ancient southern capital of Hierakonpolis. The general function of Narmer's Palette was to commemorate a victory over his human foes. With Narmer's victory, the Palette also depicts his successful claim and conquest of all of Egypt, thus establishing unification of Lower and Upper Egypt under his rule. The dominant them however, is the victory of the god incarnate over the forces of evil and chaos. The Narmer Palette, while depicting several social aspects and tendencies of the Egyptian society, also reveals and emphasizes their structured positions within a hierarchy of command. Both sides of the Palette reveal, at the top, the name of king Narmer, which first documents, in the written history of Egypt, that we now are dealing with a civilized state. When the scribes wanted to write king Narmer's name, they placed a small fish called a 'nar' over a chisel, pronounced 'mer'. This combination of the words gave them 'Narmer'. The Palette also depicts king Narmer(probably the legendary Menes) wearing the Red Crown of Lower Egypt and the White Crown of Aphroditopolis, which represented Upper Egypt. Since Narmer had claimed victory over the northern king, thus becoming the first Pharaoh, the unification of Egypt was completed. The reverse of the Palette portrays Narmer clubbing a foeman. Narmer is then followed by his foot-washer, which should be noted is shown on a smaller scale and standing on a separate register line, as suited to his relative rank and position in Egypt's hierarchy. Narmer stands before the supreme sky-god Horus, of whom Narmer is also an incarnation, represented as a falcon with a human arm holding a papyrus thicket. On the obverse of this palette, Narmer inspects a battlefield near Buto, with several decapitated bodies of his foemen. Narmer is then preceded by his four standard-bearers and his priest. The middle register of this highly organized recording shows two long-

Narcotics †Research Paper Essay

Narcotics Thesis Statement: Narcotics have valuable medical uses, however, illegal and excessive use of narcotics can endanger people’s lives because of its damaging effects on the mind and body. I.Narcotics Education A.Narcotics B.Kinds of Narcotics C.Characteristics and Medical Uses II.Narcotics Abuse A.Causes of Abuse B.Tolerance and Withdrawal III.Effects of Narcotics Abuse A.Effects on the Person B.Effects on the Family C.Effects on the Community IV.Treatment of Drug Abuses INTRODUCTION Narcotics play a big role in the field of medicine. It has a capability to reduce pain that you are feeling and even helps you to avoid anxiousness. But these drugs should be use properly or else it can cause a big damage in your health. It is very important for us to know something about these things. The study and findings that I have done regarding narcotics is really an important thing because you will be able to know how bad it can affects you when too much used and you will know how to avoid and fight against it. BODY NARCOTICS EDUCATION There are many kinds of drugs, and narcotics are one of them. Narcotics don’t always have bad results in one’s health. In fact, it’s one of the drugs that help ill people to reduce tension, anxiety and aggression. They are also effective pain relievers, used in cough medicine preparation and can induce sleep. These effects are really helpful when it comes on therapeutic setting but when improperly used, narcotics have adverse effects that may lead to abuse, and it will have a big effect on health of an individual who is involve. It can endanger people’s lives because of its damaging effects on the mind and body. The effects of narcotics abuse is felt not only by the individual but by the family, community, and society as well. NARCOTICS The term â€Å"Narcotic† was derived from a Greek word which means â€Å"to make numb.† Narcotics are drugs that relieve pain and induce sleep by depressing the central nervous system. Narcotics, primarily analgesics, produce several affects that relieve pain and induces narcosis that causes sleep. Narcotics, if administered prior to an operation, can enhance sedation and reduce apprehension and anxiety. These drugs have a very high potential for abuse. KINDS OF NARCOTICS, CHARACTERISICS, AND THEIR MEDICINAL USES 1.OPIUM – It is extracted from the seedpod of the poppy. It produces a gummy resin that creates narcotic effect. It can relieve severe pain, induces sleep, relieve anxiety and depression. 2.MORPHINE – It is extracted from opium in 1805 and later synthesized in its pure form. It is sold as a white powder in the drug market which is also called Dreamer or Miss Emma. 3.CODEINE – This is produced from gum of opium and has much milder effects. The common street name for codeine is School Boy. 4.HEROIN – It is synthesized from morphine but more powerful. It is used to help people to overcome their addiction to morphine. It is commonly called Horse, Junk Smack, and Scag. CAUSES OF ABUSE According to the National Statistics Office (2005), about 56.35% of the cases of drug abuse had friends or peers as the primary source of drugs. The causes of drug abuse are: 1.Pressure from peers; 2.Form of escape from problems and woes; 3.Relief from chronic pain caused by cancer and other diseases; 4.Psychological disorders, such as depression or emotional distress; 5.Use as a way out from stress of family life, work, and other concerns; and 6.Thrill and enjoyment in seemingly routine life. NARCOTICS ABUSE Narcotics abuse is the nonmedical use of narcotics. Narcotics abuse is widespread among the young people and the adults, as well as the poor and wealthy. It is, indeed, harmful and even life-threatening. It can ruin one’s life and one’s family. It can break down a person’s character, thus leading to the commission of criminal acts and even suicide. TOLERANCE AND WITHDRAWAL Tolerance is the condition where the standard doses of narcotics produce less effect or a person develops a state of resistance to the effects if the drug. Because of tolerance, the effect of narcotics diminishes with their chronic use. Thus, to maintain the same level of narcotic effect, a person must take more of it. Withdrawal is the reaction of the body when the regular use of narcotics is stopped. The narcotics dependent person experiences a withdrawal syndrome. In general, the symptoms of withdrawal include cramp, defecation, vomiting, and an increase in systolic blood pressure. A person who is excessively dependent may experience convulsions, respiratory failure, and death. EFFECTS OF NARCOTICS ABUSE The effects of narcotics abuse are similar but they differ in the degree of intensity, rate of onset, and the development of dependence. A.EFFECTS ON THE PERSON 1.Drowsiness 2.Loss of appetite 3.Inability to sleep well 4.May develop diseases such as hepatitis, tetanus, AIDS. 5.Skin abscesses 6.Inflammation of the veins 7.Congestion of the lungs 8.Loss of enthusiasm for work or study 9.Loss of personal care and hygiene 10. Psychological and physical dependence upon the drug B.EFFECTS ON THE FAMILY 1.Neglected responsibilities 2.Difficulty in keeping a job 3.Financial difficulty 4.Shame and embarrassment to the other family members 5.Disorganized and unhappy family C.EFFECTS ON THE COMMUNITY 1.Increased incidence of crime 2.Occurrence of different kinds of accidents, especially if the narcotic dependent is driving a vehicle. 3.Rampant stealing 4.Economic destabilization due to less manpower TREATMENT OF DRUG ABUSES Detoxification is the most common form of drug treatment. This is a process of eliminating a person’s dependent on drugs. Part of the detoxification process is to decrease the daily dose of drugs that the dependent person takes and thus gradually reduce withdrawal symptoms. Another method of dealing with drug dependent people is to form a support group of fellow drug dependents. They share their experiences and learn from one another. Together, they recover from their dependence and get better. 1 Agripino G. Darilag, Enjoy Life with P.E, and Health (Manila: SD Publications, Inc., 2009), pp.192 – 201.s BIBLIOGRAPHY Darilag, Agripino G. Enjoy Life with P.E. and Health. Manila: SD Publications, Inc., 2009.

Drought Causes, Stages, and Problems

Drought Causes, Stages, and Problems Every year as summer approaches, areas around the world grow concerned about seasonal drought. Throughout the winter, many places monitor precipitation and the snowpack to prepare for what the warmer, drier months may bring. In addition, there are areas where drought is a regular year to year occurrence that lasts longer than just the summer. From hot deserts to the freezing poles, drought is something that affects plants, animals, and people worldwide. What Is a Drought? Drought is defined as a period in which a region has a deficit in its water supply. Drought is a normal feature of climate which happens in all climate zones from time to time. Usually, drought is talked about in one of two perspectives- meteorological and hydrological. A drought in terms of meteorology takes into account deficiencies in measured precipitation. Each years measurements are then compared to what is determined as a normal amount of precipitation and drought is determined from there. For hydrologists, droughts are monitored by checking stream flow and lake, reservoir, and aquifer water levels. Precipitation is also considered here as it contributes to the water levels. In addition, there are agricultural droughts that can impact crop production and cause changes to the natural distribution of various species. The farms themselves can also cause droughts to happen as the soil is depleted and therefore cannot absorb as much water, but they can be impacted by natural droughts as well. Causes Because drought is defined as a deficit in water supply, it can be caused by a number of factors. The most important one though relates to the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere as this is what creates precipitation. More rain, sleet, hail, and snow can occur where there are moist, low-pressure air systems. If there is an above average presence of dry, high-pressure air systems instead, less moisture is available to produce precipitation (because these systems cannot hold as much water vapor). This results in a deficit of water for the areas over which they move. The same can also happen when winds shift air masses and warm, dry, continental air moves over an area as opposed to cooler, moist, oceanic air masses. El Nino, which affects the oceans water temperature, also has an impact on precipitation levels because, in years when the temperature cycle is present, it can shift the air masses above the ocean, often making wet places dry (drought prone) and dry places wet. Finally, deforestation for agriculture and/or building combined with the resultant erosion can also cause drought to begin because as the soil is moved away from an area it is less able to absorb moisture when it falls. Stages of Drought Since many areas, regardless of their climatic region, are prone to drought, different definitions of the stages of drought have developed. They are all somewhat similar, however, usually ranging from a drought warning or watch, which is the least severe. This stage is declared when a drought could be approaching. The next stages are mostly called drought emergency, disaster, or critical drought stage. This final stage begins after a drought has occurred for a long period and water sources begin to be depleted. During this stage, public water use is limited and oftentimes drought disaster plans are put into place. Short and Long Term Consequences Regardless of a droughts stage, there are short and long term consequences with any drought because of nature and societys dependence on water. Problems associated with drought can have economic, environmental, and social impacts on both the areas where they occur and areas that have relations with those where the drought happens. Most of the economic impacts of drought are associated with agriculture and the income generated from crops. In times of drought, the lack of water can often cause a decline in crop yields, and thus a reduction in income for farmers and an increase in the market price of products since there is less to go around. In a prolonged drought, unemployment of farmers and even retailers can occur, having a significant impact on the economy of the area and those with economic ties to it. In terms of environmental problems, drought can result in insect infestations and plant diseases, increased erosion, habitat and landscape degradation, a decrease in air quality and that of what water is present, as well as an increased risk of fire because of drier vegetation. In short-term droughts, natural environments can often rebound, but when there are long term droughts, plant and animal species can suffer tremendously, and over time desertification can happen with an extreme lack of moisture. Finally, droughts have social impacts that can cause disputes between users of available water, inequalities in water distribution between wealthy and poor, disparities in areas in need of disaster relief, and a decline in health. In addition, in rural developing countries population migration can begin when one area experiences drought because often people will go to areas where water and its benefits are more prevalent. This then depletes the natural resources of the new area, can create conflicts among neighboring populations and takes workers away from the original area. Over time, increased poverty and social unrest are likely to develop. Drought Mitigation Measures Because severe drought is often slow in its development, it is relatively easy to tell when one is coming and in areas that are capable, there are several mitigation measures that can be used to reduce the impacts felt by drought. The most important steps in lessening the effects of drought though are soil and water conservation. By protecting soil, it is better able to absorb precipitation, but it can also help farmers to use less water because it is absorbed and not as much run off. It also creates less water pollution by the pesticides and fertilizers present in most farm runoff. In water conservation, public use is often regulated. This mostly includes watering yards, washing cars and outdoor fixtures such as patio tables, and swimming pools. Cities such as Phoenix, Arizona, and Las Vegas, Nevada have also implemented the use of xeriscape landscaping to reduce the need to water outdoor plants in dry environments. In addition, Water conservation devices like low-flow toilets, shower heads, and washing machines can be required for use inside the home. Finally, desalination of seawater, water recycling, and rainwater harvesting are all things that are currently under development to build on existing water supplies and further reduce the impacts of drought in dry climates. Whatever method is used, however, extensive monitoring of precipitation and water usage are the best way to prepare for a drought, inform the public on the problem, and implement conservation strategies.

Product Dumping and Its Effect on Foreign Markets

Product Dumping and Its Effect on Foreign Markets Dumping is an informal name for the practice of selling a product in a foreign country for less than either the price in the domestic country or the cost of making the product. It is illegal in some countries to dump certain products into them because they want to protect their own industries from such competition, especially because dumping can result in a disparity in the domestic gross domestic products of impacted countries, such was the case with Australia until they passed a ​tariff  on certain goods entering the country. Bureaucracy and International Dumping Under the World Trade Organization (WTO) dumping is a frowned upon international business practices, especially in the case of causing material loss to an industry in the importing country of the goods being dumped. Although not expressly prohibited, the practice is considered bad business and often seen as a method to drive out the competition for goods produced in a particular market. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the Anti-Dumping Agreement (both WTO documents) allow for countries to protect themselves against dumping by allowing tariffs in cases where that tariff would normalize the price of the good once its sold domestically.   One such example of a dispute over international dumping comes between neighboring nations the United States and Canada in a conflict that came to be known as the ​​Softwood Lumber Dispute. The dispute began in the 1980s with a question of Canadian exports of lumber to the United States. Since Canadian softwood lumber was not regulated on private land as much of the United States lumber was, the prices were exponentially lower to produce. Because of this, the U.S. government claimed the lower prices constituted as a Canadian subsidy, which would make that lumber subject to trade remedy laws that fought such subsidies. Canada protested, and the fight continues to this day.  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Ã¢â‚¬â€¹ Effects on Labor Workers advocates argue that product dumping hurts the local economy for workers, especially as it applies to competition. They hold that safeguarding against these targeted cost practices will help detract the consequences of such practices between varied stages of local economies. Oftentimes such dumping practices result in increased favoritism of competition between workers, a sort of social dumping that results from making a monopoly of a certain product. One such example of this on a local level was when an oil company in Cincinnati attempted to sell below-cost oil to diminish profits of competitors, thereby forcing them out of the market. The plan worked, resulting in a local monopoly of oil as the other distributor was forced to sell to a different market. Because of this, oil workers from the company who outsold the other were given preference in hiring in the area.

Jacques Derrida Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Jacques Derrida - Essay Example The book wa' tran'lated in Engli'h and publi'hed in U'A in the year 1970. (Gla', John , Leavey and Richard , 86-98) 'ection' of the book and what they contain:Thi' i' no ordinary writing. The common man would not be able to gra'p the import of the content' of thi' book. Even for the intellectual', it i' a tough reading exerci'e. The fir't half of the book contain' the famed e''ay on De'carte' and Foucault. It focu'e' on the development of Derrida'' method of decon'truction. Derrida carefully elucidate' the traditional nature of 'ome nontraditional current' of modern thought. The 'econd half contain' Derrida'' intelligent analy'i' 'howing how and why metaphy'ical thinking mu't exclude writing from it' conception of language. The'e e''ay' are on Artaud, Freud,Hegel, Bataille and Leve-'trau'-'ort of Derrida'' rejoinder to their argument'. Thi' i' the untran'latable formulation of a metaphy'ical 'concept' which doe' not exclude writing. We find Derrida at work on hi' 'y'tematic decon'truction of We'tern metaphy'ic'. The book'' fir't half, which include' the celebrated e''ay on De'carte' and Foucault, 'how' the development of Derrida'' method of decon'truction. ... Hi' new way' of thinking, reading and writing are ba'ed on the total under'tanding of the old way', in their pure and unadulterated form. The chapter-wi'e content' of the book are1. Force and 'ignification, 2. Cogito and the Hi'tory of Madne'', 3. Edmond Jab'' and the Que'tion of the Book,4. Violence and Metaphy'ic': An E''ay on the Thought of Emmanuel Levina', 5. "Gene'i' and 'tructure" and Phenomenology, 6. La parole 'ouffl', 7. Freud and the 'cene of Writing, 8. The Theater of Cruelty and the Clo'ure of Repre'entation,9. From Re'tricted to General Economy: A Hegeliani'm without Re'erve 10. 'tructure, 'ign, and Play in the Di'cour'e of the Human 'cience', and 11. Ellip'i'. Jacque' Derrida wa' born to 'ephardic Jewi'h parent' in Algeria in 1930. He did military 'ervice in France. He began hi' 'tudie' in philo'ophy at the Ecole Normale 'uperieure in Pari' in 1952. Derrida attended Harvard on 'cholar'hip in 1956-57. What the author i' pre'enting in the book:Derrida advocate' for the rejection of We'tern metaphy'ic' 'tating and 'howing that written word' did not 'tand for the 'poken word'. 'poken word' on the other hand did not 'tand for thought. Thought proce'' doe' not 'tand for Truth or God. All thought proce'' end' at the barrier called mind. The thought' can not have any exi'tence beyond the mind-level. That i' the domain of 'piritual experience, where thought' have no role to play becau'e at that level they are not there at all. (Gla', John , Leavey and Richard , 86-98) How it ha' been utilized in the field of communication:Derrida'' contribution to the communication enterpri'e i' mixed one -it i' negative and po'itive. A' for the po'itive 'ide, hi' argument' contribute to the awarene'' of mankind'' common apprehen'ion of being mi'under'tood. No writer can